Figure 1: The Douglas-fir ecosystem in northeastern Washington, December 1996. The canopy was accessed via swiss sectional climbing ladders, allowing quantification of photosynthetically active radiation and foiliage removal. Foliar gas-exchange was measured on the ground. Also pictured are stem frames for measurement of stem respiration.

---

Table 1 | Table 2 | Table 3 | Table 4
Figure 1 | Figure 2 | Figure 3 | Figure 4 | Figure 5